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History 
Notes 



1 903 



SEVENTH GRADE 



COPYRIGHTED. 1903 

by 



R. J. Mclaughlin. 



HISTORY 
NOTES 

SEVENTH GRADE 







B r 



R. J. McLaughlin, a. m., 

JOHN WELSH SCHOOL. 



THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS, 


Two Copies 


deceived 


MAR 9 


1903 


Copyright 
CLASS tx^^ 


Entry 


XXc. No. 


COPY 


f^ 









Seventh Grade 



Polk's Administration. 

1. James K. Polk, of Tennessee, was elected president 
by the Democrats, serving from 1845 — 49. 

2. The War with Mexico. 

The Causes of the Mexican War were : (a) The 
admission of Texas to the United States, although 
its independence had not been acknowledged by 
Mexico, (b) The dispute over the ownership of the 
territory lying between the Rio Grande and the Nueces 
River. When General Zachary Taylor occupied this 
disputed territory, war broke out. 

Taylor's Campaign. 

The object of General Taylor's campaign was to 
hold the disputed territory and invade northern Mexico. 
All the battles of Taylor's campaign were fought in 

1846, except the last battle, which was fought early in 

1847 . A few days before Congress declared war, Taylor 
fought two battles in the disputed territory, at Palo 
Alto and Resaca de la Palma, in both of which he 
defeated General Arista, the Mexican commander. 
Shortly after, he crossed the Rio Grande, and after 
a severe battle, captured the city of Monterey (N. E. 
part of Mexico). Taylor was now ordered to send a 
large part of his troops to aid General Scott. Santa 



— 4 — 

Anna learned this fact and attacked him with an army 
four times as great as Taylor's, at Buena Vista (N. K. 
part of Mexico), but Taylor defeated him (1847). 
The result of Taylor's campaign was to hold the 
disputed territory and northeastern Mexico. 

Scott's Campaign. 

The object of General Winfield Scott's campaign 
was to capture Mexico, the capital. This campaign 
was fought in 1847. 

He landed at Vera Cruz (S. K. part of Mexico, on the 
Gulf of Mexico) , and took the city after bombarding 
it. Scott then began his march of two hundred miles 
toward the capital. At the mountain pass of Cerro 
Gordo (S. K. part of Mexico), Scott defeated Santa 
Anna. 

Marching on toward the capital, Scott defeated the 
Mexicans at the village of Contreras, eight miles from 
the capital. That same day, the Americans defeated 
Santa Anna at the village of Churubusco, about 
three miles from the capital. Santa Anna was- 
then granted an armistice, but as the Mexicans used it 
only to strengthen their works, Scott attacked the city, 
and after taking the castle of Chapul tepee, entered the 
city in triumph. The result of Scott's campaign was 
the capture of Mexico and the ending of the war. 

The Treaty of Peace was signed at Guadalupe 
Hidalgo, near Mexico, the capital, in 1848. By the 
terms of this treaty, Mexico gave up all claims to 
Texas, and made the Rio Grande its western boundary. 
Mexico also gave the United States the vast territory 
called the Mexican Cession. 

This Cession extended from the Rocky Mountains 
and the Rio Grande on the east, to the Pacific Ocean 



- 5 — 

on the west, and from Mexico on the south to the 
Oregon country on the north. In return, United 
States gave Mexico $15,000,000. 

3. Tariff Question. 
A tariff is a tax or duty on articles imported. The 
^'American System" or protective tariff, made the duty 
on imported goods high enough to allow American 
manufacturers to compete with foreign goods. This 
"American System" was abolished in Polk's Adminis- 
tration, and a low Revenue Tariff was laid. This 
Revenue Tariff was intended to raise only enough 
money to carry on the government. It lasted until 

1861. 

4. Northern (Oregon) Boundary Settled. 

The Oregon country was bounded on the south by 
California, Nevada and Utah, on the east it was 
bounded by the Rocky Mountains, while its western 
boundary was the Pacific Ocean. 

United States claimed Oregon because of Captain 
Gray's discovery of the Columbia River in 1792, 
and because of the exploring expedition made there 
by Meriwether Lewis and William Clarke in 1804-06. 
Dr. Marcus Whitman, an American missionary, by his 
winter journey in 1842 from Oregon to Washington, 
D. C, roused the country to secure Oregon, and 
brought back many emigrants with him. United 
States claimed as boundary line 54° 40', but by treaty 
with England in Polk's Administration (1846), the 
parallel of 49° was taken as the northern boundarjdine. 

5. Wilmot Proviso. 

In 1846, David Wilmot, a member of Congress from 
Pennsylvania, proposed in Congress that slavery should 
be prohibited in territory to be acquired from Mexico. 



It was not adopted, but it greatly aroused the feeling 
for and against slavery. 

6. Discovery of Gold. 

Gold was discovered in 1848 by James Marshall, in 
digging a mill-race for a saw-mill for Captain Sutter 
in the valley of the Sacramento, California. As a 
result, population flocked from all over the world to 
California, which soon developed into an important 
state with the great seaport of San Francisco. Many 
of the emigrants turned their efforts to agriculture, 
which soon became of more value to the state than 
gold mining. 

7. Inventions. 

In Polk's Administration, Elias Howe of Mass- 
achusetts, invented the sewing machine. Its effect was 
to cheapen the price of clothing, by diminishing the 
labor in sewing. In this administration, Richard Hoe 
of New York, invented the type-revolving, steam 
printing press, which could print 15,000 newspapers per 
hour. This cheapened the price of printing, making 
books and newspapers more common, and thus in- 
fluencing and educating the people. This press took 
the place of the hand press formerly in use. 

Taylor and Fillmore's Administration. 

1. Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana, the hero of the 
Mexican War, was elected by the Whig party, and 
died atter serving a little over a year, from 1849 to 
1850. He was succeeded by Millard Fillmore, of New 
York, the Vice-President, who serv^ed as President 
from 1850 to 1853. 



— 7 — 

2. Slavery was the chief political question. 

Every time a state was to be admitted, the slavery 
question led to disputes in Congress. Each side wanted 
to increase its votes in Congress by admitting new 
states, holding its views, and by keeping out those 
holding contrary opinions. California applied for ad- 
mission as a state, and to allay the strife on this and 
other points, Henry Clay, United States Senator from 
Kentucky, proposed in Congress his ** Omnibus Bill,'* 
or Compromise of 1850. Its chief features were (1) the 
admission of California as a free state ; (2) the formation 
of Utah and New Mexico into territories, leaving the 
people of each to decide whether to have slavery or 
not ; (3) the prohibition of all slave trade in the District 
of Columbia ; (4) the passing of a law which would 
provide for the arrest and return of fugitive slaves. 

3. The Fugitive Slave Law punished any person 
who assisted a slave to escape from his owner, and 
required the arrest and return of all fugitive slaves to 
their owners. The effect of the law was to strengthen 
the anti-slavery party, as the North opposed it strongly. 

4. Anti=Slavery Leaders. 

William H. Seward, a prominent lawyer, was United 
States Senator from New York in 1849-61 . He opposed 
slavery, voting against both the Omnibus Bill in 1850 
and the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in 1854. He was one 
of the founders of the Republican party in 1856. He 
was Secretary of State in Lincoln's administration, 
settling the Trent affair creditably. 



One of the Booth party of conspirators stabbed Seward 
while ill in bed, the same night Lincoln was shot, but 
failed to kill him. 

Johnson continued Seward as Secretary of State. 
In 1867, Congress, acting on Seward's advice, pur- 
chased Alaska. 

Charles Sumner, a lawyer, succeeded Webster as 
U. S. Senator from Massachusetts in 1851. He 
opposed slavery, and voted against the Kansas- 
Nebraska Bill in 1854. He was one of the founders 
of the Republican party. In 1856, in his speech on ' 'The 
Crime against Kansas " , he spoke severely against one 
of the South Carolina Senators. A few days later, this 
man'snephew, Preston S. Brooks, a S.C. Representative, 
beat Sumner who was working at his desk, so severely 
on the head with a cane, that he was unable to return 
to the Senate for four years. (Brooks was censured 
by Congress, resigned, and was at once re-elected by 
South Carolina.) 

Salmon P. Chase, a lawyer, became U. S. Senator 
from Ohio. He was one of the founders of the Re- 
publican party in 1856. He opposed slavery, voting 
against the Omnibus Bill in 1850, and the Kansas- 
Nebraska Bill in 1854. Lincoln made him his 
Secretary of the Treasury, where he rendered valuable 
service to the nation by his financial abilities. The 
credit of the United States was low, then, but by 
Chase's plan of issuing "Greenbacks" (Treasury 
notes), much money was raised. 

Later, Lincoln made him Chief Justice of the 
Supreme Court. 



Pierce's Administration. 

1. Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, was elected 
President by the Democrats, serving from 1853 to 1857. 
Slavery continued the chief political question. 

2. Gadsden Purchase. 

To settle the disputed boundary line between Mexico 
and United States, General James Gadsden, in 1853, 
negotiated a treaty with Mexico, by which we secured 
a large tract of land in the southern part of Arizona 
and New Mexico (south of the Gila River), paying in 
return ten million dollars to Mexico. 

3. Kansas = Nebraska Act. 

Stephen Douglas, the Democratic U.S. Senator from 
Illinois, introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Bill into Con- 
gress in 1854. There had been violent disputes in 
Congress regarding slavery from 1820 on. 

Each party wished to increase its votes in Congress 
and prevent the votes of the other party from increas- 
ing. The quarrel was renewed every time a state or 
territory was organized. 

Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Bill provided for the 
organization of two territories, Kansas and Nebraska, 
allowing the people of each territory to decide for 
themselves as to whether to permit slavery or not. As 
the early settlers were sometimes called squatters, this 
manner of leaving the question to be settled by them 
was called "squatter sovereignty." The bill violated 
the Missouri Compromise, which prohibited slavery in 
that region, but it became a law. 

The result was to lead to a bitter conflict in Kansas. 
Both the slavery and anti-slavery parties sent settlers 
to Kansas, and fighting went on for three years. 



-10- 

John Brown, the Abolitionist, took part in this conflict. 
Finally, the anti-slavery party won, and Kansas was 
admitted as a free state in 1861 . The Kansas-Nebraska. 
Act further widened the breach between the North and 
the South. 

Buchanan's Administration. 

1. James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, was elected 
President by the Democrats, serving from 1857 to 1861. 

The Slavery question continued the chief political- 
question. 

2. Dred Scott Decision. 

Dred Scott was a slave whose master moved from 
the slave state of Missouri, to the free state of Illinois. 
Later, when his master returned to Missouri, Dred 
Scott claimed his residence in the free state of Illinois 
had made him free. The case was taken to court. 
Finally, the U. S. Supreme Court, with Roger Taney 
as Chief Justice, decided that a slave was only a piece 
of property, and therefore, a slave-owner could take 
his slaves where he pleased. This decision in 1857 
roused the North, for according to it, slave-owners- 
could have slaves in any part of the Union. 

3. John Brown's Raid. 

John Brown, who had fought against the slavery 
party in Kansas, went, in 1859, to Harper's Ferry, in 
northern Virginia on the Potomac River, in order to start 
an insurrection among the slaves. The old man with 
twenty followers seized the U. S. Arsenal there, but 
it was soon retaken, and Brown with six followers 
was hanged. While the North did not approve of his- 
attempt, his fate aroused much sympathy there. 



— 11 — 
4. First Atlantic Cable. 

Cyrus W. Field, of New York, after many experi- 
ments, succeeded in laying a cable on the bed of the 
ocean between Newfoundland and Ireland, in 1858. 
After a few weeks, it failed to work. Mr. Field con- 
tinued his efforts, until in 1866, a successful cable 
was laid. The cable permitted rapid communication 
between the two continents. 

5. In Buchanan's administration (1859), silver was 
discovered in Nevada, leading to the rapid settlement 
of that territory, and petroleum was discovered in 
Pennsylvania. 

6. Writers of Buchanan's Administration. 

John Lothrop Motley, a historian, wrote "The 
Rise of the Dutch Republic." 

Ralph Waldo Emerson, an essayist, wrote "Repre- 
sentative Men," besides numerous essays on various 
subjects, such as "Compensation" and "History." 

James Russell Lov^ell, a poet, wrote "The First 
Snowfall," "The Vision of Sir Launfal," and "The 
Biglow Papers." 

(Note. Bryant, Whittier, Holmes, Hawthorne, Bancroft, 
Prescott, Lowell, Motley, Emerson, Longfellow, Cooper, and 
Irving are the twelve greatest American writers. The first nine 
of these were born in Massachusetts. Longfellow was born in 
Portland, Maine, but lived in Massachusetts. Cooper and 
Irvdng lived in New York state. All except Irving and Whittier 
had a college education. Most of them held prominent posi- 
tions. Thus, Bryant was Editor of the "New York Evening 
Post", Dr. Holmes and Mr. Longfellow were professors in 
Harvard College, Bancroft was U. S. Minister to England and 
to Berlin, Lowell was U. S. Minister to Spain and to England, 
Motley was U. S. Minister to Austria and England, Irving was 
U. S. Minister to Spain, while Hawthorne was U. S. Consul 
at Liverpool.) 



— 12 — 

7. Presidential Election of 1860. 

This election was very exciting. The South 
threatened to secede if a Republican President was 
•elected. The Democratic Party was split into two 
factions. One faction nominated John C. Brecken- 
ridge, and the other faction nominated Stephen A. 
Douglas. The Republicans succeeded in electing 
Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, with Hannibal Hamlin 
of Maine as Vice-President. 

As soon as this was known, South Carolina seceded 
from the Union, and soon Georgia and the five Gulf 
States followed. In February, 1861, delegates from 
these seven states met at Montgomery, Alabama, and 
organized their new government, calling it the 
<' Confederate States of America/* 

Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was elected President, 
and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, was made 
Vice-President, and when Virginia seceded in 1861, 
Richmond was made the Confederate Capital. 

8. Conditions of the Country at the 
opening of the Civil War. 

The U. S. forts and arsenals were being everywhere 
seized by the South, and President Buchanan did not 
interfere. Various efforts were made to conciliate the 
South, but none succeeded. 

Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor was threatened 
by General Beauregard and his forces. Buchanan sent 
an unarmed steamer, the Star of the West, with sup- 
plies for Fort Sumter, but the Confederates fired on it, 
and drove it back. Thus the South had all prepara- 
tions made for war, while the North did nothing, 
awaiting the inauguration of Lincoln. 



— 13 — 

Lincoln's Administration. 

Abraham Lincoln, of -Illinois, was elected by the 
Republican party, serving from 1861 to 1865. 

The Civil War, 1861—1865. 

The two great causes of the Civil War were slavery, 
and the doctrine of State Rights. 

Slavery was the chief cause. The South was an 
agriculturalsection, and used slavelabor The North 
was mainly a manufacturing section, and required no 
slave labor. This produced a conflict of mterests and 
opinions. Slavery began at Jamestown, in 1619, 
when Dutch traders brought twenty negroes there 

The invention of the cotton-gin, m 1793, made cotton 
a great production in the South, and increased the 

need of slaves. . n„„^ti 

The quarrel over slavery was shown m the Consti- 
tution Uself, in the ordinance of 1787, in the Missouri 
tution itseii, 1 ^ ^ Abolitionist 

Compromise of 18^0, in tne rise oi >■ 
Party in 18.32, in the annexation ot Texas in 1845 in 
the Wilmot Proviso in 1846, in the "Omnibus Bill 
of 1850, in the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 18o4 m the 
Dred Scott Decision in 1857, and in John Brown s 
Raid in 1859. (The Emancipation Proclamation and 
the Thirteenth Amendment deal with the abolishing of 

'^X *e doctrine of State Rights, we mean the 
opinion that the United States was only a voluntary 
league of states, and that any state might, if it wished, 
disobey any act of Congress, or might secede from 
the Union when it desired. According to this doctrine 
the State government was independent of the Federal 
government. The Southern States all held this view. 



— 14 — 

while the North rejected this idea entirely, believing 
in an indissoluble Union. 

The immediate causes of the outbreak of hostilities 
were the election of Lincoln, the secession of the 
Southern States, and the attack on Fort Sumter. 

Fort Sumter (see Buchanan's Administration.) 

Lincoln, a month after his inauguration, notified the 
governor of South Carolina that he intended to send 
provisions to Fort Sumter. Jefferson Davis then 
directed General Beauregard to demand Fort Sumter's 
surrender, and in case it refused, to fire on it. As 
Major Anderson refused to surrender the fort, it was 
bombarded for thirt3^-four hours, and Anderson was 
forced to surrender April 14, 1861. 

Call for Troops. 

The da}^ following the fall of Fort Sumter, Lincoln 
issued a proclamation for 75,000 troops to serve three 
months, and four times as manj- as this volunteered. 

Secession of other States. 

When Lincoln called for troops, Virginia, Arkansas, 
Tennessee and North Carolina seceded, making eleven 
seceded states. 

The Blockade. 

In April, 1861, Lincoln declared the entire Southern 
coast in a state of blockade. The purpose of the 
blockade was to prevent the importing of war supplies 
to the South, and to prevent the exporting of cotton 
and other products from the South, thus ruining its 
commerce, and impoverishing it. 



— 15 — 

The great events of the blockade were the Monitor 
and Merrimac battle (1862), capture of New Orleans 
(1862), capture of Mobile (1864), capture of Fort 
Fisher at Wilmington, N. C. (1865). From the end 
of 1862, the blockade was very strict, as Charleston, 
Savannah, Mobile and Wilmington were the only 
coast cities, not yet taken by the Union. 

Protective Tariff Legislation. 

The low Revenue Tariff was changed by Congress, 
and a high War Tariff was passed in Lincoln's admin- 
istration, so that by the end of the war, the tariff was 
almost three times as great as in Buchanan's adminis- 
tration. 

Paper Money. 

As the expenses of the government varied from one 
to three million dollars daily, heavy taxes were laid. 
Money was also raised by borrowing, bonds being 
issued, which paid a high rate of interest. 

The government also issued paper money or "green- 
backs.' ' These two methods were the ideas of Salmon 
P. Chase, the Secretary of the Treasury. Gold was 
soon at a premium as the war continued, and ''green- 
backs " sank in value, so that in July, 1864, a dollar 
note was worth only thirty-five cents in gold. 

1. 1861. In western Virginia the people favored 
the Union. General McClellan and General Rosecrans 
defeated the Confederates in several battles, driving 
them out of that region. A state was formed from 
this part of Virginia, and admitted in 1863 as West 
Virginia. 



— 16 — 

2. Operations in Missouri, 1861. 

General Lyons saved the stale of Missouri to the 
Union. He prevented the Confederates from capturing 
the Arsenal at St. Louis. After several minor battles, 
General Lyons, with a smaller force, attacked the 
Confederates at Wilson's Creek, in S. W. Missouri, 
in 1861, but was defeated and killed. By the exertions 
of General Fremont, Hunter and Halleck, the Con- 
federates under Price were driven into Arkansas, 
leaving Missouri in the Union. 

3. Battle of Bull Run. 

The Union forces under General McDowell began 
their march towards Richmond, but they only reached 
Manassas Junction, (N. Va.), July, 1861, when they 
met the Confederates under General Beauregard. The 
Confederates when reinforced by General Joseph 
Johnston, utterly defeated the Union troops. General 
Thomas Jackson won his title of "Stonewall Jackson" 
in this battle. This battle is also called the battle of 
Bull Run, from the small stream near by. Its effect 
was to encourage the South and to make the North 
more determined, Lincoln calling at once for 500,000 
men. 

4. The Trent Affair. 

In order to secure help from Europe, the South, late 
in 1861, sent Messrs. Mason and Slidell, to urge its 
cause. Escaping to Havana, they there went on the 
British ship Trent, to sail to England. When the 
Trent was out at sea. Captain Wilkes, of the U. S. 
steamer San Jacinto, seized Mason and Slidell, and 
took them to Boston. England considered this action 
as an insult to her flag, and demanded their release. 



— 17 — 

Mr. Seward, the Secretary of State, returned them and 
said Captain Wilkes acted without orders. This 
prevented any war with England. 

Chronology of 1861 (for reference, only) 

January-May, Secession of 10 States (S. C. seceded in De- 
cember, 1860.) 

Kansas admitted, January. 

Jefferson Davis inaugurated President of Confederacy,, 
February 18. 

Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President of United States, 
March 4. 

Fort Sumter surrendered, April 14. 

Lincoln declared a blockade of Southern ports, April 19. 

Battle of Bull Run, July 21. 

Wilson's Creek battle, August 10. 

West Virginia operations, June-September. 

Mason and Slidell seized, November 8. 

1862. Operations in the West. 
1. Grant's Campaign. 

The object of Grant's campaign in 1862 was to open 
up the Mississippi River, and to separate the states west 
of it from the rest of the Confederacy. In N. W. 
Tennessee were two forts. Fort Henry on the Ten- 
nessee River, and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland 
River. Commodore Foote with his iron-clad gun- 
boats captured Fort Henry in February. Grant, aided 
by Foote 's gun-boats, attacked Fort Donelson a week 
later, and after three days' bombardment. General 
Buckner had to surrender the fort and its garrison of 
15,000. 

Grant advanced his army southward, and in April, 
1862, fought a great battle at Shiloh or Pittsburg 
Landing (S. W. Tennessee). In the second day of 
the battle, Buell re -enforced Grant, and the Confeder- 



- 18 — 

ates under General Albert Johnston were defeated. In 
this battle about 100,000 men fought, and over 20,000 
were killed or wounded. General Albert Johnston 
was among those killed. The result of Grant's Cam- 
paign was to hold Tennessee, and to greatly encourage 
the North. 

2. The gun=boats under Foote, after taking Fort 
Henr}^ and aiding in capturing Fort Donelson, soon 
attacked Island No. 10 (in Mississippi River, N. W. of 
"Tennessee) . Aided by land forces under Pope, this was 
taken in April. The flotilla proceeded down the Missis- 
sippi, and defeated the Confederate fleet at Memphis, 
which was then occupied by the Union forces. The 
result of these battles was the control of the river as 
far as Memphis (S. W. Tennessee.) 

Coast Operations in 1862. 

1. A ver}^ important coast operation in 1862 was 
the battle between the Monitor and Merrimac. 

The Merrimac had been a U. S. vessel, sunk by the 
Confederates in the harbor of Norfolk, Va. They 
afterwards raised it, covered it with iron, gave it an 
iron prow and called it the Virginia. In March, 
1862, under the command of Commodore Franklin 
Buchanan, it entered Hampton Roads (that part of 
Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the James River), 
and destroyed the wooden war vessels, the Cumberland 
and the Congress. That same night the Monitor, 
commanded by Lieutenant John L. Worden, entered 
Hampton Roads. It was iron-clad, with a low 
deck and a central, iron-clad revolving turret, with two 
guns. It was built in New York by the Swedish 
inventor, Captain John Ericsson. After a four hours' 



battle, (Sunday March 9), the Merrimac had to 
withdraw, although not destroyed. The effect of the 
battle was to save the northern ports which 
would have been at the merc}^ of the Merrimac. As 
a result of this battle, wooden war vessels w^ere with- 
drawn b}' the nations, and iron-clads took their place. 

(Note. The Confederates blew up the Merrimac when they 
evacuated Norfolk in May, 1862, during McClellan's campaign. 
The Monitor sank in a gale at sea, near Cape Hatteras, De- 
cember, 1862.) 

2. New Orleans was the most important Southern 
port. It was defended b}^ Fort St. Philip and Fort 
Jackson, sevent}^ miles down the Mississippi. Below 
the forts, heav}^ iron chains were stretched across the 
river, while above the forts fifteen war vessels guarded 
the river. 

In April, 1862, a land and naval expedition was 
sent against it, Commodore David G. Farragut com- 
manding the fleet of fort3^-seven vessels, while General 
Benjamin Butler commanded the land forces. After 
the forts had been bombarded in vain for six da5^s, 
Farragut determined to pass them by • night, and 
after a terrible battle, succeeded in doing so. Xext 
attacking the Confederate war vessels above the forts, 
he destroyed the greater part of them, and forced New 
Orleans to surrender. The citj^ was then occupied by 
General Butler with his arm^^ 

3. Numerous places were captured on the coast 
during 1862, and by the end of this j^ear, the only 
coast cities that the Confederates held were Charleston, 
Savannah, Mobile and Wilmington. This made the 
blockade very successful. 



— 20 — 

4. The Confederate cruiser, Alabama, was built in 
Liverpool, England, and its crew was mainly English- 
men. It was commanded by Captain Semmes and did 
great damage to Union vessels, destroying between 
1862 and 1864, over sixty vessels with their cargoes. 
In 1864, the Kearsarge, commanded by Captain 
John A. Winslow (Union), destroyed the Alabama in 
a great naval battle near Cherbourg, off the coast of 
N. W. France. The depredations of the Alabama led 
to the Alabama Claims. (See Grant's Administration.) 

Operations in the East in 1862. 

1. McClellan's Campaign (March=August, 1862.) 

The object of McClellan's campaign was to capture 
Richmond. His army of 120,000 moved by boats to 
Fortress Monroe (on Chesapeake Bay, near the James 
River). This campaign is sometimes called the Pen- 
insular Campaign, because it was fought in the pen- 
insula between the York and the James Rivers, in S. 
Virginia. McClellan first besieged Yorktown, but the 
Confederates under Magruder evacuated it after delay- 
ing McClellan a month here. Norfolk was evacuated 
about the same time. The Union army advanced 
to within seven miles of Richmond, producing 
a panic there. Instead of attacking the city at once, 
McClellan waited for reinforcements under. McDowell. 
General Jackson, in order to prevent this reinforce- 
ment, raided the Shenandoah Valley. This produced 
a panic in Washington, and McDowell was ordered 
to the Shenandoah Valley. Jackson retreated in safety, 
having accomplished his object. General Robert E. Lee 
had meanwhile become the Confederate Commander. 
Jackson now joined Lee in attacking McClellan, be- 



-21- 

ginning the Seven Days' Battles. After the battles of 
Mechanicsville and Gaines's Mills, McClellan retreated 
toward the James, with Lee in pursuit. 

On July 1, 1862, the battle of Malvern Hill was 
fought, in which Lee was defeated. This ended the 
Seven Days' Battle. The result of the campaign 
was a Union failure, as Richmond was not taken. 

2. Pope's Campaign (1862). 

Pope was now given command of the army in 
Virginia, whose purpose was to capture Richmond. 
Lee sent Jackson against him and McClellan was 
ordered north to join Pope. Lee then joined Jackson, 
and attacked Pope at Bull Run before McClellan 
arrived. After a two days' fight, Pope was defeated, 
and withdrew to Washington (August, 1862.) 

3. Invasion of the North, 1862. 

When McClellan withdrew from Richmond, Lee 
went northward, and defeated Pope at the battle of 
Bull Run, in northern Virginia. He then advanced into 
Maryland, hoping to win that state for the Confederates. 
McClellan was given the Union command again, and 
attacked Lee and Jackson at Antietam Creek, a 
branch of the Potomac in S. Maryland, September, 
1862, near Sharpsburg. The result was a Union 
success, but not a decided one. Each side lost over 
12,000 men, and Lee had to withdraw across the Po- 
tomac into Virginia. 

4. After the battle of Antietam, Lincoln issued his 
preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, in which 
he declared that on January 1, 1863, all slaves in 
states at war with the Union should be free. 



— 11 — 
5. Burnside's Campaign, (1862). 

Lincoln desired to have Lee pursued more rapidly, 
and he removed McClellan from command, giving it to 
General Burnside. The object of Burnside's campaign 
was to capture Richmond. Lee located himself strongly 
at Fredericksburg on the Rappahannock River (N. B. 
Virginia). Burnside crossed the river and attacked 
him here in December, 1862, but the Union army was 
defeated with great loss (12,000). 

Chronology of 1862. 

Fort Henry captured, February 6. 
Fort Donelson captured, February 16. 
Monitor and Merrimac battle, March 9. 
Battle of Shiloh, April 6-7. 
Island No. 10 captured, April 7. 
New Orleans captured, April 25. 
Yorktown taken. May 4. 
Lee succeeds Johnston, June 3. 
Seven Days' Battles, June 25 -July 1. 
Second battle of Bull Run, August 29-30. 
Battle of Antietam, September 17. 
Battle of Fredericksburg, December 13. 

1863. 1. Hooker's Campaign. 

General Burnside was removed at his own request 
and General Joseph Hooker took the command. The 
object of his campaign was to capture Richmond. In 
1863, at Chancellorsville (N. E. Virginia), he fought 
Lee and Jackson. His army was twice as large as 
Lee's, but Hooker was utterly defeated. In this battle 
Jackson was mortally wounded, being shot in mistake 
by his own men. 



2. Lee*s Second Invasion, 1863. 

After winning the battle of Fredericksburg in 
December, 1862, and of Chancellorsville in Ma}^ 1863, 
Lee felt strong enough to again invade the North. 
Leaving Virginia, he marched through Maryland into 
Pennsylvania. General Hooker resigned and George 
G. Meade was given command of the Union forces. 
At Gettysburg, in S. Pennsylvania, July 1, 1863, the 
Union forces met the Confederates, and began a terrible 
three days' battle. General Reynolds (Union) was 
killed in the first day's fight, and the defeated Union 
forces occupied Cemetery Hill, where Meade with the 
greater part of his army joined them during the night. 
The Confederates were stationed on Seminary Ridge. 
July 2, Lee sent General Longs treet to capture the 
hill, Little Round Top, but he was repulsed by 
General Sickles. The fighting continued at other points 
until 10 o'clock that night. On the third day (July 
3), Lee sent General Pickett about noon with 15,000 
men to attack General Hancock on Cemetery Hill. 
After fearful slaughter, the Confederates were defeated 
and the battle was over. This was the most important 
battle of the war. Lee was utterly defeated and was 
forced to retreat into Virginia, ending the invasion. 
(Union loss, 23,000, Confederate loss, 30,000). 

3. Grant's Campaign in 1863. 

General Grant remained in Tennessee and Mis- 
sissippi, after winning the battle of Shiloh in 1862. 
His great work in 1863 was to capture Vick?burg (W. 
Mississippi on Mississippi River) . Assisted by 
General Sherman, he defeated General Pemberton and 
General Joseph B. Johnston, separately, in several 



- 24 — 

battles, and succeeded, in shutting Pemberton up in 
Vicksburg. 

The siege lasted six weeks. Finally, on July 4, the 
city surrendered, being unable to endure any longer the 
famine and the terrible Union bombardment. 

Port Hudson^ in S- B. Louisiana on the Mississippi 
River, after a long siege, surrendered to General Banks, 
in 1863, a few days after Vicksburg 's surrender. This 
opened all the Mississippi River, putting it entirely 
under the control of the North. 
Chronology of 1863. 

Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, January 1. 

Battle of Chancellorsville, May 2-3. 

West Virginia admitted as a State, June 19. 

Battle of Gettysburg, July 1-3. 

Vicksburg surrendered, July 4. 

Port Hudson surrendered, July 8. 

1. 1864. Operations in the East. 

Early in 1864, Grant was made commander-in-chief 
of the entire Union forces. He then began a campaign 
in Virginia, with the object of capturing Richmond 
and destroying Lee's army. Grant's army was almost 
twice the size of Lee's, but Lee had the advantage of 
position. The first battle was the battle of the 
Wilderness (in N. E. Virginia), the region being so 
called because of its dense forests. Grant was assisted 
by Meade and Sheridan in this battle. The battle 
lasted two days, with great loss to both Lee and Grant, 
and the result was indecisive. A few weeks later, the 
two armies fought at Cold Harbor, nine miles from 
Richmond. Here Grant was badly defeated by Lee. 

Grant now moved to the James River and tried to 
capture Petersburg, a city twenty-three miles south 



- 25 - 

of Richmond. Lee prevented its capture, and Grant 
began the siege of the place June, 1864. The greatest 
event of the siege during 1864, was the explosion of 
the mine (July 30), dug by the Union troop under 
one of the enemy's forts. The Union forces rushed 
into this gap or chasm of nearly two hundred feet to 
take the city, but were driven back with great 
slaughter. (See 1865.) 

2. Early's Invasion or Raid. 

In July 1864, Lee, hoping to draw Grant away from 
Petersburg, sent Early up the Shenandoah Valley 
(N. W. Virginia), to threaten Washington. He came 
very near Washington but did not attack it. After 
burning Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, he retreated 
into the Shenandoah Valley again. General Philip 
Sheridan was now sent against Early by Grant, and 
defeated Early at Winchester (N. W. Virginia), 
September, 1864. In October, 1864, Early surprised 
and defeated the Union troops at Cedar Creek while 
Sheridan was absent at Winchester, twenty miles 
distant. Sheridan heard the noise of the battle and 
returned in time to turn back his retreating army. 
They then attacked the surprised Confederates, and 
utterly defeated them. As a result of Sheridan's 
campaign, Early's army was destoyed, and the 
Shenandoah laid waste. In 1865, Sheridan rejoined 
Grant at Petersburg. 

3. Operations in the South. 

Sherman's Campaign (1864=65). 

In 1864, while Grant was fighting Lee, in Virginia, 
General William T. Sherman was fighting General 
Johnston in Georgia. 



- 26 - 

The object of Sherman's campaign was to capture 
Atlanta, destroy the Confederate army in Georgia, and 
lay the region waste. Sherman's army numbered 
100,000. After five battles in N. W. Georgia, John- 
ston had to retire to Atlanta. The Confederate 
Government then put General Hood in place of John- 
ston. After defeating Hood three times, Sherman 
seized Atlanta, September, 1864. This was an im- 
portant capture, as nearly all the war supplies of the 
South were made in Atlanta's mills and foundries, 
which Sherman destroyed. 

Thinking to draw Sherman out of Georgia, Hood 
invaded Tennessee, but Sherman refused to leave. In 
November, Sherman began his march across Georgia, 
destroying railroads, and supplies, and laying waste 
the whole country, for a month. In December, 1864, 
he captured Savannah. In 1865, he marched north- 
ward into South Carolina, and in February seized and 
burned Columbia, its capital. 

Charleston was then evacuated by the Confederates 
and seized by the Union forces. Sherman continued 
his march into North Carolina, and defeated 
Johnston at Goldsboro in B. North Carolina (March, 
1865). About a month later, on learning of Lee's 
surrender, Johnston likewise surrendered. 

The effect of Sherman's campaign was to destroy 
the resources of the South, and to conquer the Southern 
forces there. 

(Note. In 1864, after Hood left Georgia, he advanced into 
Nashville, Tennessee, where he besieged General Thomas for 
two weeks. Thomas then attacked him, and after a two days' 
battle (December, 1864), defeated and destroyed Hood's army.) 



— 21 — 

4. Coast Operations of 1864. 

In August, 1864, Admiral Farragut led his fleet 
past the terrible fire of forts defending Mobile (S. W. 
Alabama). He compelled the surrender of the gun- 
boats there and the iron-plated ram Tennessee, com- 
manded by Commodore Franklin Buchanan, and 
succeeded in closing this important port. 

In 1864, the Alabama was sunk by the Kearsarge. 
(See 1862.) 

Chronology of 1864. 

Grant was made commander in-chief, March 3. 
Battle of the Wilderness, May 5-6. 
Battle of Cold Harbor, June 3. 
Alabama sunk by the Kearsarge, June 19. 
Early invades Maryland, July 5. 
Mine disaster at Petersburg, July 30. 
Farragut's naval victory at Mobile, August 5. 
Sherman captures Atlanta, September 2. 
Sheridan's battle at Cedar Creek, October 19. 
Battle of Nashville, December 15-16. 
Sherman captures Savannah, December 21. 

1. 1865. Ending of the War. 

Late in 1864, Fort Fisher, which defended the 
the harbor of Wilmington (North Carolina), was 
attacked unsuccessfully By Admiral Porter's vessels 
and General Butler's land forces. In January, 1865, 
Porter, assisted by General Terry's army, captured the 
fort, and Wilmington, the last Confederate port, had 
to surrender. 

2. The siege of Petersburg had begun June, 1864. 
On April 1, Sheridan, after a severe battle, drove Lee 
from Five Forks, twelve miles from Petersburg. Lee 
saw he could not hold Richmond much longer. On 



April 2, Grant made an attack along the whole line 
in front of Petersburg, and carried the works. That 
night the Confederate government and army evacuated 
Petersburg and Richmond, and on April 3, the Union 
troops entered them, after their long siege. 

3. Lee hoped to be able to join Johnston in North 
Carolina, and continue the war. Grant, however, 
pursued and overtook him, and Lee surrendered April 
9, 1865, at Appomattox Court House (S. W. Vir- 
ginia). 

4. On April 14, Lincoln, at a performance in 
Ford's Theatre, Washington, was shot by an actor, 
John Wilkes Booth, dying in a few hours. Lincoln 
had been reelected in 1864, and had just begun his 
second term. His death deprived North and South 
of a wise, just, and generous leader. 

Booth belonged to a band of eight conspirators, one 
of whom made an unsuccessful attempt to kill Mr. 
Seward. Booth escaped, but was found after a few 
days in a barn and shot, after refusing to surrender. 
Three of the conspirators were hanged, together with 
Mrs. Mary E. Surratt, at whose house the plot was 
made. 

5. Jefferson Davis was captured in Georgia, in 
May 1865, and after two years' imprisonment in For- 
tress Monroe, was released. 

Chronology of 1865. 

Capture of Fort Fisher, January 15. 
Capture of Columbia, February 17 
Evacuation of Charleston, February 17. 
Battle of Goldsboro, March 21. 
Battle of Five Forks, April 1. 
Capture of Richmond, April 3. 



— 29 — 

Lee's surrender to Grant, April 9. 
Assassination of I^incoln, April 14. 
Johnston's surrender to Sherman, April 26. 
Thirteenth Amendment ratified, December. 

Johnson's Administration. 

1. Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, elected. Vice- 
President by the Republican Party in 1864, became 
President at Lincoln's death, serving until 1869. 
Johnson was a Southern Democrat, but was opposed 
to the Confederates during the war. 

2. In January, 1865, Congress had passed the 
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitu- 
tion. This abolished slavery throughout the United 
States, becoming a part of the Constitution, December, 
1865, when ratified by the States. 

3. The great question of Johnson's administration 
was Reconstruction. By reconstruction we mean 
readmitting the seceded states to the Union, and 
reorganizing their government. 

While Congress was not in session, Johnson issued 
a Proclamation of pardon to the people of the seceded 
states, if they agreed to obey the Constitution. When 
conventions in the various seceded states ratified the 
Thirteenth Amendment, and repealed the secession 
ordinances, Johnson declared that these states were 
once more members of the Union. Congress on 
assembling declared that such action was not sufficient 
to readmit these states. The Fourteenth Amend- 
ment was passed, by which the negroes were made 
citizens of the United States. This Amendment also 
declared that all who had broken their oath of 
allegiance to the United States, by engaging in war 



against it, were ineligible to hold any state or national 
office. 

Tennessee had been admitted in 1866, and Congress 
in 1867, organized a military government for the 
remaining ten states. This military government was 
to continue in these states until they ratified the Four- 
teenth Amendment. In 1868, six states complied and 
were readmitted. (See Grant's Administration). 

4. In Johnson's Administration, Alaska was pur- 
chased from Russia for seven million dollars. This 
region, rich in gold, timber, fur and fish, lies in the 
northwestern part of North America. 

5. The Atlantic Cable (1866) was laid success- 
fully. (See Buchanan's Administration.) 

(Note. When Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, 
forbidding the President to remove certain office holders with- 
out the Senate's consent, Johnson in defiance removed Stanton, 
Secretary of War. For this the President was impeached. 
The Senate tried him but lacked one vote of convicting him.) 

Grant's Administration. 

1. Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois, was elected by the 
Republicans in 1868, serving two terras from 1869 to 
1877. 

2. In Grant's Administration, the Fifteenth 
Amendment, which Congress had adopted in the 
closing weeks of Johnson's Administration, was 
ratified by the states. This Amendment gave negroes 
the right to vote. 

3. Reconstruction was completed in 1870, when 
the remaining four seceded states, Virginia, Georgia, 
Mississippi and Texas, ratified the Thirteenth, Four- 



— 31 — 

teenth and Fifteenth Amendments, and were re- 
admitted to the Union. 

4. Alabama Claims. (See 1862.) 

After the Civil War was ended, United States de- 
manded payment from England for the damages done 
to her commerce by the privateer Alabama. Commis- 
sioners from both countries met at Washington, and in 
1871, they signed the Treaty of Washington, by 
which it was agreed to refer the ' ' Alabama Claims ' ' 
to a board of arbitration. This was to consist of five 
arbitrators, one being appointed by United States, one 
by England, one by Italy, one by Switzerland, and 
one by Brazil. The commission met in Geneva 
(Switzerland), in 1872, and their decision was that 
England should pay United States $15,500,000. 

5. The Central and Union Pacific Railroad was 

begun during the Civil War. The Union Pacific ex- 
tended from Omaha (Nebraska) to Ogden, Utah. The 
Central Pacific extended from San Francisco to Ogden. 
The two roads were completed and connected at 
Ogden in 1869. Other lines extend eastward to the 
Atlantic. The effect of this railroad was great, lead- 
ing to increased emigration to the western part of 
United States, and the development of its agricultural 
and mineral wealth. 

5. Centennial Exhibition. 

To commemorate the hundredth anniversary of the 
signing of the Declaration of Independence, an Exhi- 
bition was held in Philadelphia in 1876. It was of 
great value, as it showed to all nations the resources 
of the United States, and its progress. The United 



— 32 — 

States also learned much from the various foreign 
nations that exhibited. 

6. Presidential Election of 1876. 

The Republican candidate for President in 1876 
was Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, and the Democra- 
tic candidate was Samuel J. Tilden, of New York. 
Both parties claimed the victory, as the votes of 
Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina and Oregon were 
claimed by each. The dispute was referred to Con- 
gress to settle, and it appointed an Electoral Com- 
mission, consisting of five national Senators, five 
national Representatives, and five Judges of the United 
States Supreme Court. By a vote of eight to seven, 
the Commission declared Hayes elected. 

Hayes's Administration. 

1. Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, was elected by 
the Republicans, serving from 1877 to 1881. 

2. Resumption of Specie Payment. 

By specie, we mean gold or silver coin. During 
the Civil War, the government did not have enough 
gold and silver to meet its expenses. It therefore 
issued paper money. At one t;me, the credit of the 
Union government sank so low that a paper dollar was 
worth only thirty-five cents in gold. After the war, 
the credit of the government improved. In 1875, 
Congress had passed a bill declaring that from January 
1, 1879, paper money was to be redeemable in coin at 
United States Treasury for its face value. Since that 
date, paper money has been worth its face value in 
gold. 



— 33 — 

3. New Applications of Electricity. 

The telephone, invented by Ale:j^ander Bell for 
conversation at long distances, was shown first in 
1876. About the same time, Thomas A. Edison 
applied electricit}^ to lighting purposes. The use of 
electricity as a motor for cars and machinery, came 
about ten years later. 

4. Growth of the Country. 

In 1880, the growth since the foundation of the 
government was shown in the increased population 
(from 3,000,000 to 45,000,000), in the increased 
number of states (from 13 to 38), in the extent of 
country settled, in the number of inventions, in the 
steady increase of railroads, and the consequent deve- 
lopment of the mineral, agricultural, and forest wealth 
of the nation , in the great growth of its manufactures 
and its commerce, and in the improvement and growth 
of the literature and of the educational advantages for 
the people. (Explain each fully.) 

Garfield's and Arthur's Administrations. 

1. James A. Garfield, of Ohio, was elected President, 
serving from March 4, 1881 to September, 1881. Gui- 
teau, an unsuccessful applicant for a government posi- 
tion, shot the President in July, 1881. On the death 
of Garfield in September, the Vice-President, Chester 
A. Arthur, of New York, succeeded, serving from 
1881 to 1885. 

2. Civil Service Reform Bill. 

By Civil Service Reform, we mean improvement in 
the work, character and mode of appointment of 
government ofiicers. Congress, influenced by the 



— 84 — 

death of Garfield, passed in Arthur's Administration 
(1883), a Civil Service Act. According to this, public 
examinations were to be held for certain positions, and 
no one could be appointed to these positions who had 
not passed such an examination. It also provided 
that persons could not be removed from these positions 
for political reasons only. At first, the Act applied 
only to a few positions, but in Cleveland's second 
term, it was made to apply to nearly all the minor 
ofiices under the government. 

Cleveland's Administration. 

1. Grover Cleveland, of New York, was elected by 
the Democratic Party, serving from 1885 to 1889. 

2. Cleveland in 1887, in his message to Congress, 
showed that the revenues of the government were 
much greater than were really needed. He thought 
that Congress should remove the tariff on raw 
materials, and make it lower on the necessities of life. 
The House thereupon passed the Mills Bill, which 
lowered the tariff greatly. The Senate voted against 
the bill, and it therefore failed to become a law. 

3. In 1886, after the death of Vice-President Hen- 
dricks, Congress passed a Presidential Succession 

Law. This provided that the members of the Presi- 
dent's Cabinet were to succeed to the Presidency until 
the next election, in case there was no President or 
Vice-President (owing to death or other cause). The 
Cabinet Members would succeed in the following 
order : (1) Secretary of State, (2) Secretary of the 
Treasury, (3) Secretary of War, (4) Attorney-General, 
(5) Postmaster-General, (6) Secretary of the Navy, 
(7) Secretary of the Interior. 



— So — 

4. Chinese Exclusion Act. 

The Chinese, who work for very low wages, took 
the place of American laborers in many of the western 
states. There was great opposition to them, especially 
in California, and Congress, in Cleveland's Admin- 
istration (1888), passed an Act which forbade their 
entrance into the United States. 

Harrison's Administration. 

1. Benjamin Harrison, of Indiana, was elected 
President by the Republican Party, serving from 1885 
to 1889. 

2. In 1890, a new Tariff, called the McKinley 
Tariff, was adopted by Congress. It was drawn up 
by Wm. McKinley, who was member of Congress from 
Ohio. By it, sugar was admitted free of duty. On 
wool, the duty was made higher to protect American 
manufacturers. One of its ideas was the reciprocity 
measure. Reciprocity treaties could be made with 
another nation, admitting certain of its exports 
into the United States w^ithout paying any duty, if that 
country admitted certain exports from the United 
States, without any duty. 

Cleveland's Second Administration. 

1. Grover Cleveland was reelected by the De- 
mocratic Party, serving from 1893 to 1897. 

2. Civil Service Reform. (See Arthur's Ad- 
ministration.) 

3. The World's Columbian Exposition was 

held at Chicago, to celebrate the discovery of America 
by Columbus. It opened May 1, 1893, and lasted six 



months. The buildings were beautiful, and exhibits 
were shown by every nation. Over 27,000,000 people 
visited it. 

4. Bering Sea Controversy. 

The United States claimed the right to control the 
seal fisheries of Bering Sea, and to protect the seals 
from slaughter by the Canadians. A quarrel arose 
with England about this in Cleveland's second term, 
but it was settled by arbitration. The arbitrators 
decided that the rights of England and United States 
were equal, but they agreed on certain measures for 
the protection of the seal. 

McKinley's Administration. 

1. William McKinley, of Ohio, was elected by the 
Republican Party, serving from 1897 to 1901. In 
1900 he was reelected. 

2. Annexation of Hawaii. 

At one time, the Hawaiian Islands were a kingdom 
with a native king. In 1894, they became a republic. 
Soon they asked to be annexed to the United States, 
and in 1898 Congress passed a bill annexing them. 
The Hawaiian Islands are a group in the Pacific 
Ocean, southwest of United States. 

3. War with Spain. 

Cause : — Cuba had been in revolt against Spain 
for a number of years. In McKinley's first term, 
General Weyler, the Spanish governor-general of 
Cuba, had waged the war with such cruelty that the 
indignation of United States was aroused. The 
battleship Maine, sent to Havana to protect Ameri- 



— 37 



cans there, was blown up by the explosion of a mine 
placed under it (February 15, 1898). By the explo- 
sion, 264 of the crew were killed. This aroused the 
indignation of the whole nation. Congress ordered 
Spain to remove her forces from Cuba, and declared 
the island independent. As Spain refused her assent 
to this, war resulted, beginning April 21, 1898. 

(a) The coast of Cuba was blockaded. 
(b) Battle of Manila Bay. 
Commodore Dewey, leaving Hong Kong, sailed to 
Manila Bay. (Manila is in S. W. part of Luzon, on 
the China Sea. Luzon is the largest of the Philippine 
Islands.) He utterly destroyed the Spanish fleet 
under Admiral Montijo there, without any great 
injury to his own men or vessels, on May 1, 1898. 
The Olympia was Dewey's flagship. 

(c) Capture of Manila. 

General Merritt was sent from United States with 

an army to Manila, and after a short siege, the city 

was taken from the Spanish by a combined attack of 

the army and navy, on August 13, 1898. 

(d) Naval Battle of Santiago. 
When the Americans learned that the Spanish 
fleet under Admiral Cervera was in Santiago harbor 
(S. E. part of Cuba), Admiral Sampson blockaded 
them there for about six weeks. On July 3, Cervera 
tried to escape from the harbor, but the blockading 
fleet pursued them and destroyed the whole Spanish 
squadron, with little injury to the American ships or 
men. Commodore Schley of the Brooklyn and Cap- 
tain Clark of the Oregon were very prominent in this 
battle. Cervera 's flag ship was the Cristobal Colon. 



(e) Land Battle of Santiago. 

While the navy was blockading the Spanish fleet 
in the harbor of Santiago, an American army under 
General Shafter was sent against the Spanish army 
there, in June 1898. The Spanish held a strong 
position outside Santiago on San Juan Hill, and in the 
village of El Caney. On July 1, after a severe 
battle, the Spanish were driven from these positions 
inside the town. Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough 
Riders rendered valuable service in the battle. After 
a siege of about two weeks, the Spanish under General 
Toral surrendered, July 14, 1898. 

(f) Treaty. 

The treaty was signed at Paris, in December, 1898. 
By it, Spain acknowledged the independence of Cuba, 
and gave Porto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Is- 
lands to the United States. For the Philippines, 
United States allowed Spain $20,000,000. 

In this war, England showed great sympathy for 
the cause of United States. 

(Note. Guam is one of the I^adrone Islands, in the Pacific 
Ocean, east of Philippine Islands. 

Philippine Islands are in the Pacific Ocean, southeast of 
China. 

Porto Rico lies in the Atlantic Ocean, southeast of the 
United States.) 

War in the Philippines. 

The natives under the leadership of Aguinaldo, 
early in 1899, began to fight the United States to gain 
their independence. There were man}^ minor battles, 
in which the natives were usually defeated'. The 
.capture of Aguinaldo by General Funston in March, 



- 39 - 

1901, practically ended the war. The Philippines 
are governed by a civil governor appointed by the 
President of the United States. As soon as the people 
are fit for it, local self government will be given them. 
Some parts are governed by military rule. 

Cuba. 

After the war ended in 1898, Cuba was occupied by 
an American army. General Wood was Military 
Governor of Cuba, and resided at Havana. In 1901, 
a Constitution for Cuba was adopted by delegates 
elected by the Cuban people . The Constitution provides 
for a Republican form of government. Although 
Cuba is independent, the framers of its Constitution 
were compelled by the United States to insert in it the 
Piatt Amendment, passed by Congress. According 
to this, the United States is given the right to inter- 
vene to protect Cuba's independence or to secure order 
and liberty to it, if its own government cannot do so. 
It also gives United States certain naval stations in 
Cuba in order to protect it. In May, 1902, Cuba's 
first President, Tomas Palnia, was inaugurated, and 
United States withdrew from all further rule over the 
island. 

Death of the President. 

In September, 1901, President McKinley, while 
attending the Buffalo Exhibition, was shot by an 
Anarchist named Czolgosz, and died a week after the 
attack. Theodore Roosevelt, of New York, the Vice- 
President, succeeded him (1901). 

Condit:ion of the Country in 1901. 

(a) The present number of states is 45. 

(b) The population by the census of 1900 is 
76,000,000. 



— 40 — 

c) There has been a g^reat increase in commerce, 
manufacturing and agriculture since the Civil War. 
The Soufh has begun to manufacture extensively, 
although its main resource is still agriculture. To-day 
the United States is one of the leading commercial and 
manufacturing nations of the v^orld. 

(d) Education has made great progress since the 
Civil War. Schools are many and good, and educa- 
tion is free to all. The progress in literature has 
been marked. Newspapers and books have become 
extremely cheap. They are of great value in educat- 
ing the people and in making them intelligent, and fit 
to govern themselves. 

• (e) The territories in the United States are Ari- 
zona, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Indian Territory. 
The territories outside the United States are Alaska, 
Porto Rico and Hawaii. The colonies of United 
States are Philippine Islands, the islands of Guam and 
Tutuila (Samoan Group), and many smaller ones in 
the Pacific. 

Bach territory has a governor and judges appointed 
by the President, with the consent of the Senate of 
United States. Each has a legislature elected by the 
people. Each territory except Alaska sends a dele- 
gate to Congress to represent there the interests of the 
territory, but not to vote. 

Indian Territory is unorganized, being simply the 
home of various Indian tribes. The colonies have 
governors appointed by the President of the United 
States. 

Tariff Outline Review, 

A tariff is a tax or duty on imported articles. It is 
of two kinds, high and low. 



; - 41 — 

A high tariff or protective tariff is one which is 
intended to protect American manufactures by laying 
such a tax on imported goods as will make them more 
expensive than similar goods made here. It thus 
raises ample money for the support of the government. 

A low tariff or a tariff for revenue aims to raise 
only enough money or revenue to provide for govern- 
ment expenses. 

Free trade is a system by which no duties whatever 
are laid on imports. The expenses of the government 
are raised by other taxes, instead of by a tariff. 

Tariff History. 

1. The first tariff was laid in Washington's Admin- 

istration, being a part of Hamilton's plan to raise 
mone3\ (Describe full}^) 

2. A high Protective Tariff ("American System") 

was laid in John Quincy Adams's Administra- 
tion. Henry Clay was the leader of the party 
favoring the ' ' American System ' ' while Jack- 
son 's party opposed it. (Describe fully.) 

3. Trouble with South Carolina Nullifiers in Jackson's 

Administration (1832). As the South was an 
agricultural section, it had no manufactures to 
protect, and only wanted to get its goods as 
cheap as possible. (Describe fully.) 

4. Clay's Tariff Compromise of 1833 gradually reduced 

the Tariff. ( Describe fully. ) 

5. The American S3^stem was abolished by a low 

tariff for revenue only, passed in Polk's Admin- 
istration. This low tariff continued until 1861 . 

6. A high tariff was passed in Lincoln's Administra- 

tion (1861) to raise money for war needs. 



— 42 — 

7. Cleveland's Tariff ideas (1887). (Describe fully.) 

8. McKinley Tariff (Reciprocity) in Harrison's Ad- 

ministration (1890). (Describe fully.) 

9. Wilson Tariff, passed in Cleveland's second term, 

in 1894, although it was a Protective tariff, 
admitted wood, salt and lumber free of duty. 

10. Dingley Tariff, passed 1897, was a protective tariff 

with higher duties than the Wilson Tariff. 

Outline of Territory Acquired. 

(Describe fully, giving boundary, size, and telling 
how, when, and from whom acquired.) 

1. Louisiana in Jefferson's Administration (1803). 

2. Florida bought from Spain in Monroe's Admin- 

istration (1819). Spain ceded Florida to Eng- 
land by Treaty of 1763, and England ceded it 
back to Spain by the Treaty of 1783. 

3. Texas in Tyler's Administration (1845). (Texas 

stretched from the Rio Grande on the west to 
the Sabine River on the east, and from the 
Gulf of Mexico and Rio Grande on the south, 
to the Red River and Arkansas River on the 
north.) 

4. Oregon in Polk's Administration (1846). 

5. Mexican Cession in Polk's Administration (1848). 

6. Gadsden Purchase in Pierce's Administration 

<1853). 

7. Alaska in Johnson's Administration (1867). 

8. Hawaii in McKinley 's Administration (1898). 

9. Porto Rico and Philippines in McKinley 's Admin- 

istration (1898). 



— id — 

(Note. The area of the Louisiana Purchase was over 20 
times the size of Pennsylvonia, Florida cession was 1}^ times 
Pennsylvania, Texas is over 8 times Pennsylvania, Oregon 
country was over 5 times Pennsylvania, Mexican Cession was 
over 12 times Pennsylvania, Gadsden Purchase is about the 
size of Pennsylvania, Alaska is over 12 times Pennsylvania, 
Hawaiian Islands are about y the size of Pennsylvania, Philip- 
pine Islands are 2)4 times Pennsylvania, and Porto Rico is 
about J 2 the size of Pennsylvania.) 

Outline of the Slavery Question. 

(Describe fully.) 

1. Introduced at Jamestown, 1619, by Dutch traders. 

2. Ordinance of 1787. 

3. Invention of the Cotton-Gin in 1793. 

4. Missouri Compromise in Monroe's Administration 

(1820). 

5. Rise of the "Abolitionists" in Jackson's Admin- 

istration (1832). 

6. Formation of Abolitionist Party in Van Buren's 

Administration (1839). 

7. Annexation of Texas in Tyler's Administration 

(1845). 

8. Wilmot Proviso in Polk's Administration (1846.) 

9. "Omnibus Bill" (Compromise of 1850) in Tay- 

lor's Administration. 

10. Kansas-Nebraska Act in Pierce's Administration 

(1854). 

11. Formation of the Republican Party in Pierce's 

Administration (1856). 

12. Dred Scott Decision in Buchanan's Administration 

(1857). 



— 44 — 

13. John Brown's Raid in Buchanan's Administration 

(1859). 

14. Emancipation Proclamation issued in Lincoln's 

Administration (1863). 

15. Thirteenth Amendment passed in Johnson's 

Administration (1865). 

Some Political Parties of United States. 

At the beginning of the Government there existed 
two parties. One was the Federalist, led by Washing- 
ton and Hamilton. These believed in a strong central 
government. George Washington and John Adams 
were the two Federalist presidents. The opposing 
party was the Anti=Federalists, who opposed the 
Constitution. It soon died out. 

Under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson a new 
party was formed, which he called the Republican 
Party, but it soon took the name of the Democratic= 
Republican Party. This party believed in the doctrine 
of State Rights. Jefferson, Madison and Monroe were 
elected by this party. John Quiucy Adams was elected 
President by the House of Representatives, as none 
of the candidates had a majority of the electoral votes. 
After 1824, this party was known simply as the Demo= 
cratic Party. Andrew Jackson was the leader of the 
Democrats, and they believed in State Rights and 
opposed a protective tariff. This party exists to-day. 
The Presidents elected by this party were Jackson, 
Van Buren, Polk, Pierce, Buchanan and Cleveland. 

The Whig Party was powerful between 1836 and 
1850. The Whigs believed in a protective tariff, in a 
strong central government, and opposed the doctrine 
of State Rights. William Harrison and Zachary 



— 45 — 

Taylor were elected Whig Presidents, and each was 
succeeded by a Whig Vice-President. 

The Republican Party was formed in 1856. It 
favored a protective tariff, a strong central govern- 
ment and it opposed the extension of slavery. Lincoln 
was the first President elected by the Republicans. 
The other Presidents elected by the Republicans were 
Johnson, Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Harrison 
and McKinley. 

Inventions. 

(Give use, name of inventor, and effect.) 

1. Cotton-gin (Washington's Administration). 

2. Steamboat (Jefferson's Administration). 

3. Reaping Machine (Jackson's Administration). 

4. Screw Propeller (Jackson's Administration). 

5. Friction Matches (Jackson's Administration). 

6. Telegraph (Tyler's Administration). 

7. Sewing Machine (Polk's Administration). 

8. Printing Press (Polk's Administration). 

9. Atlantic Cable (Buchanan's Administration). 

10. "Monitor" (Lincoln's Administration). 

11. Telephone (Grant's Administration — Centennial). 

12. Klectric Light (Grant's Administration — Cen- 

tennial) . 

Outline of Modes of Transportation. 

(Describe fully). 
1. What little travel there was in early days was by 
horse or coach, along bad roads. Thus in 1766, 



a line of stage coaches was begun that made 
the journey between New York and Philadel- 
phia (about ninety miles) in two days. 

2. Fulton's Steamboat and its effect. (See Jefferson's 

Administration) . 

3. National Road to the West. (See Monroe's Ad- 

ministration) . 

4. Erie Canal. (See Monroe's Administration). 

5. Railroads. (See John Quincy Adams's and Jack- 

son's Administrations). 
Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads. (See 
Grant's Administration). 

6' Klectrieity is now widely used in place of steam as 
a motor power. In 1880, at Edison's home, 
the first electric road was built. In 1888, in 
Richmond, Virginia, the first electric street rail- 
waj^ was built. Now, they are found all over 
the United States. 

7. The Automobile (1901) is becoming quite common 
for carriage and wagon purposes. 

Education. 

The New England Colonies paid great attention to 
education. In 1647, Massachusetts had a law, pro- 
viding free common-school education for every white 
child. The other New England colonies soon followed 
the lead of Massachusetts. 

Higher education was also cared for. Thus, Har- 
vard College (at Cambridge, Mass.) was founded in 
1636, and Yale College (at New Haven, Conn.) in 
1701. 



-47- 

The schools were far apart, and the instruction was 
very elementary. Books were poor and few in number, 
and the discipline was very severe. 

Middle Colonies. 

In Pennsylvania, the Quakers gave much attention 
to education, and opened a school in Philadelphia the 
year the city was founded. Maryland had a free 
school in 1723. In the middle colonies, unlike New 
England, little public money was spent for schools, 
but there were many private schools. (Give character 
of schools as above.) 

Higher education in Pennsylvania was provided for 
by Pennsylvania University (in Philadelphia) in 1755. 
(For modern schools, see Jackson's Administration). 

Southern Colonies. 

Education received little attention in the Southern 
Colonies. Rich children were chiefly educated by 
tutors at home, or else they were sent to England to 
be educated. The poor children and the slaves re- 
ceived no education. After the Civil War, free 
education became much more general in the south. 

Finances. 
1. Revolution's Financial Affairs. 

The credit of the government, prior to the adoption 
of the Constitution, was very low, since it had no 
power to collect taxes. Hence its paper money soon 
become worthless. Robert Morris gave liberally to 
the government in order to carry on the Revolution, 
acting as Superintendent of Finance for United States 
from 1781 to 1784. 



:i.hi\ Z .1903 

-48- 

2. Hamilton's Plans. 

After the Constitution had given Congress the power 
to collect taxes, Hamilton as Washington's Secretary 
of the Treasury, proposed paying the debt of the 
United States and of the States in full. He had Con- 
gress lay a tax on imported goods and on distilled 
liquors. By these means, the credit of the government 
was restored. 

3. The United States Bank was estabhshed at 
Philadelphia, in 1791. In it was deposited the money 
belonging to the United States. Its charter expired 
in 1811, and it became the Bank of Stephen Girard. 
He patriotically advanced great sums to the govern- 
ment to enable it to carry on the war of 1812, when 
the money and credit of the government were ex- 
hausted. In 1816, Madison gave a second charter 
to the Bank of the United States. 

4. Bank Troubles in Jacksons's and Van Buren's 

Administratian. (Describe fully.) 

5. Issue of Paper Money in Lincoln's Administration. 

(Describe fully.) 

6. Resumption of Specie Payments in Hayes's Ad- 

ministration. (Describe fully). 



H 19 89 i 




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